Lizzie Borden Accused of Notorious Ax Murders

One of the great media sensations of the late 1800s was the arrest and trial of Lizzie Borden, a woman in Fall River, Massachusetts accused of the gruesome ax  murder of her father and stepmother. Major newspapers followed every development in the case, and the public was fascinated. Borden’s 1893 trial, which featured considerable legal talent, expert witnesses, and forensic testimony, in some ways resembled a trial a cable television audience today would find riveting. When she was acquitted of the murders, decades of speculation began. The case is still debated, and a great many people believe Lizzie Borden got away with murder. And in an odd twist, Lizzie Borden and the gruesome crime were kept in the public mind thanks to a rhyme that generations of American children learned on the playground. The rhyme went as follows: Lizzie Borden took an axe, and gave her mother 40 whacks. When she saw what she had done, she gave her father 41. Life of Lizzie Borden Lizzie Borden was born in 1860 to a prosperous family in Fall River, Massachusetts, the second daughter of a businessman and investor. When Lizzie was two years old her mother died, and her father, Andrew Borden, remarried. By most accounts, Lizzie and her older sister Emma despised their father’s new wife, Abby. As the girls grew older there were many conflicts in the household, many of them rooted in the fact that Lizzie’s father was a notorious miser. After attending public high schools, Lizzie lived at home. She was active in church groups and charitable organizations, typical pursuits for an unmarried woman who did not need to work. Despite the tensions in the Borden household, Lizzie seemed sociable and utterly ordinary to people in the community. Murder of Lizzie Borden’s Father and Stepmother On August 4, 1892, Andrew Borden, Lizzie’s father, left the house in the early morning and attended to some business. He returned home about 10:45 a.m. Shortly after, Lizzie Borden called out to the family’s maid, â€Å"Come quick, father’s dead!† Andrew Borden was on a couch in a parlor, the victim of a brutal attack. He had been struck numerous times, apparently with an ax or hatchet. The blows were strong enough to shatter bones and teeth. And he had been struck repeatedly after he was dead. A neighbor, searching the house, discovered Borden’s wife upstairs. She had also been brutally murdered. Arrest of Lizzie Borden The original suspect in the murder case was a Portuguese workman with whom Andrew Borden had a business dispute. But he was cleared and attention became focused on Lizzie. She was arrested a week after the murders. A police investigation found the head of a hatchet in the basement of the Borden house, and that was assumed to be the murder weapon. But there was a lack of any other physical evidence, such as bloodstained clothing the perpetrator of such a bloody crime must have worn. Lizzie Borden was indicted for the two murders in December 1892, and her trial began the following June. The Trial of Lizzie Borden Lizzie Borden’s murder trial probably would not be terribly out of place in today’s atmosphere of tabloid headlines and cable news marathons. The trial was held in New Bedford, Massachusetts, but was covered extensively by the major newspapers in New York City. The trial was noteworthy for the legal talent involved. One of the prosecutors, Frank Moody, later became the attorney general of the United States and also served as a U.S. Supreme Court Justice. And Borden’s defense attorney, George Robinson, was the former governor of Massachusetts. A Harvard professor appeared as an expert witness, an early instances of an expert witness being used in a major trial. Borden’s lawyer succeeded in getting damaging evidence, such as the fact that she had tried to purchase poison in the weeks leading up to the murder, excluded as inadmissible. And Borden’s defense focused on the lack of physical evidence tying her to the murders. Lizzie Borden was acquitted of murder on June 20, 1893, after the jury deliberated for less than two hours. Later Life of Lizzie Borden Following the trial, Borden and her sister moved into another house, where they lived for many years. Though the respectable citizens of Fall River tended to shun Lizzie and her sister, traveling actors and musicians frequented their house, leading to various rumors about the lifestyle of the sisters. Lizzie Borden eventually died on June 1, 1927. Legacy of the Lizzie Borden Ax  Murder Case Articles and books about the Lizzie Borden case have appeared since the early 1890s, and any number of theories have been advanced about the murders. Lizzies father had an illegitimate son, and some believe he may have been the real culprit. And as Andrew Borden was known to be a miserly and unpopular character, its very likely he had other enemies. The Lizzie Borden case was a landmark in the sense that it provided a template for later tabloid stories: the case involved a very bloody crime, an unlikely defendant, rumors of family strife, and a verdict that left unanswered the question of who committed the murders. Incidentally, the famous playground rhyme about Lizzie Borden, which apparently did not appear in print until decades after the murders, was inaccurate in several respects. The female victim, Abby Borden, was Lizzies stepmother, not her mother. And it also greatly exaggerated the number of blows from the murder weapon. But the rhyme did keep Lizzies name in circulation for decades after the bloody murders in Fall River.

Comparing Dulce ET Decorum EST and the Charge of the Light...

Comparing Dulce ET Decorum EST and the Charge of the Light Brigade Although both Dulce et Decorum Est. ´ and The Charge of the Light Brigade are about battle and the death of soldiers, they show the experience of war in different ways. Tennyson ´s poem is about the glory of war, despite the fact that, the English parliament had the wrong judgment this is why six hundred soldiers died. Wilfred Owen ´s poem, on the other hand, tells everybody what has really happened, we are more likely to believe what Wilfred Owen is saying because he was the one who was in the battlefield were as Tennyson wasnt . Wilfred Owen presents the horror of the senseless deaths in the trenches and shows us how the†¦show more content†¦He doesnt make it sound gorily the way they died. Tennyson creates a feeling of nobleness of warfare with his use of poetic words. Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them ´. Tennyson celebrates the ideal of unquestioning of the soldiers in the face of death Theirs not to make reply, theirs not to reason why, theirs but to do and die ´. The repetition of the six hundred ´ at the end of each stanza reminds the reader of the enormous loss of life, but at the end of the poem they have become the Noble six hundred ´ and are celebrated as heroes. Wilfred Owen in his poem is asking us to question all the certainties that Tennyson is celebrating. The theme of Dulce et decorum est. ´ is that war and dying for ones country is not glorious. This message is echoed throughout the poem from the first stanza to the last line. In the opening stanza you get a very different image of the soldiers from what you might expect from the title. You would think of soldiers as smart, proud, marching, and fighting, but Owen ´s picture is based on his personal experience of the battlefield. There is nothing romantic about Owen ´s soldiers. They are Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, knock-kneed, coughing like hags, weShow MoreRelated Comparing The Charge of the Light Brigade and Dulce ET Decorum EST1201 Words   |  5 PagesComparing The Charge of the Light Brigade and Dulce ET Decorum EST  Ã‚  Ã‚   The poems â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade† and â€Å"Dulce ET Decorum EST† are war poems. They reflect on two different but equally harrowing events, however the poets portray these events using their own style and the and result is two entirely different views of war. Alfred Tennyson wrote the â€Å"Charge of the Light Brigade† in 1854 and it is about the battle of Balaclava in the Crimean war. Although this battle had no realRead MoreComparing Dulce et Decorum Est with The Charge of The Light Brigade922 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Dulce et Decorum Est with The Charge of The Light Brigade The poems I am going to compare and contrast are Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen and The Charge of The Light Brigade by the Poet Laureate of his time, Lord Tennyson. These poems both have a main subject of war. The main difference though, which leads to many other differences in the two poems are that they were written very in different centuries and times. This time difference meant approachesRead MoreComparing Dulce et Decorum est and Charge of the Light Brigade1343 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Dulce et Decorum est and Charge of the Light Brigade In this essay I will be comparing two war poems. The poems, Dulce et Decorum est, by Wilfred Owen and Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred Lord-Tennyson came from different generations; Owens is written from his own experiences during the first world war; Lord-Tennysons poem was written from the safety of his own home during the Crimean war. The only real similarity between the two poems is that they were both Read MoreDulce Et Decorum Est The Charge of the Light Brigade - Poem Comparing and Contrasting Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pageshave opposing views about wars which may have been developed over time based on many factors such as family upbringing, culture, political views, or personal experiences. In the two poems studied, Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est and Alfred, Lord Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade, war has been described with completely opposing views. In the former, Owen describes war as a horrifying and inglorious event with men in war being grim and sorrowful while the soldiers died devastatingly. OnRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est The Charge Of The Light Brigade - Poem Comparing And Contrasting Essay1156 Words   |  5 Pageshave opposing views about wars which may have been developed over time based on many factors such as family upbringing, culture, political views, or personal experiences. In the two poems studied, Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum est and Alfred, Lord Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade, war has been described with completely opposing views. In the former, Owen describes war as a horrifying and inglorious event with men in war being grim and sorrowful while the soldiers died devastatingly. OnRead MoreCompare and Contrast Dulce Et Decorum Est and Charge of the Light Brigade1442 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and contrast â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† and â€Å"Charge Of The Light Brigade†. What images of war do these two poems convey? We have been studying the war poems Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen and Charge Of The Light Brigade by Alfred Lord Tennyson. Dulce Et Decorum Est was written during the First World War from 1914 to 1918 whilst Charge Of The Light Brigade was composed in the 19th century, and describes a battle that took place during the Crimean War. Both poems give a different impressionRead MorePoetry Comparison Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesPoetry Comparison There have been many wars throughout time. Most people learn the facts through: papers, films, books or poems, but I am comparing two similar poems which have different meanings. Wilfred Owen who wrote the poem Dulce et Decorum est or Lord Alfred Tennyson who wrote The Charge of the Light Brigade. They are both based around the theme of war. Lord Alfred Tennyson is pro war and thinks its a good thing to die for your country. His poem was writtenRead More Compare and Contrast Tennysons The Charge of the light brigade1300 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and Contrast Tennysons The Charge of the light brigade with Owens Dulce et Decorum est. War, what does this word mean? The dictionary meaning of war is a conflict between one or more nations. Many people think war is a way of solving futile problems that rise between nations. The true meaning of war to me is the destruction of entire civilisations and of humans, war takes in brave strong and glorious men and women and spits them out as fragile haggard ruins of men and women. TheRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est2365 Words   |  10 Pagesforce we call propaganda. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est pro patria mori† is a controversial phrase used to describe the benefits of going to war. It has different translations but it basically states â€Å"it is sweet and fitting to die for one’s country†, this is just one of the many techniques a nation could use to shade the soldiers to the harsh reality of war. In this essay I will be evaluating two poems Dulce et Decorum est and The Charge of the Light Brigade. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum† est is a poem about war writtenRead MorePortrayal of War in the Pre 1900 Poetry Essay3056 Words   |  13 PagesPortrayal of War in the Pre 1900 Poetry Before 1900, war was always seen as a glorious thing. People truly believed in the words of the ancient writer Horace, Dulce et decorum est, pro patria mori. This phrase can be translated, as It is a lovely and honourable thing; to die for ones country. Pre 1900 war poetry was strongly patriotic and glossed over the grim reality of death, preferring instead to display the heroic aspects of fighting. If death was mentioned

Introduction to Science Free Essays

string(62) " place over the internet, mostly through emails and research\." 2 Moderately unfamiliar Assumptions About AY-Qaeda Introduction to Homeland Security Research Paper August 17, 2013 Mr.. William R Did Lori 2 moderately unfamiliar assumptions about al-Qaeda Abstract From intellectuals to policy-makers alike. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now All of the extraordinary output on the subject of al-Qaeda, has recently led to a number of far-reaching theories about the group which remain startlingly unexplored. The two assumptions, this paper examines and reveals each one’s foundational role in assertions as well as debates about leaked, despite the relatively unexplored status of each. These 2 assumptions relate to: (1) the role of the internet in actual terrorist activity; and (2) the association between combating a global â€Å"AY-Qaeda and combating al-Qaeda In Iraq†. Introduction Miller’s ever-burgeoning bookish literature which anyone familiar with terrorism would recognize, quickly titled the ‘Six rather unusual propositions about terrorism’. Is what my research paper plays off. In 2005, Miller’s astute and incisive piece brought to the forefront six unfamiliar assumptions about terrorism that should already have spawned discussion among intellectuals In the field, but ad not, until his work provocatively presented those propositions. In a similar stratum, this research paper focuses on 2 rather unfamiliar theories about al-Qaeda which I think demand far greater research, attention, and debate than Miller’s had received thus far. It Is my Intention to focus these reflections on some Insufficiently explored theories regarding particularly al-Qaeda. However, most of the theories relate more broadly to terrorism concerning Issues In general. What Is meant here by the phrase moderately unfamiliar assumptions ? By ‘ unfamiliar this dialogue reposes that the thinking explored here prowl beneath many of the affirmations made by intellectuals on al-Qaeda. This coupled with getting beneath many of the affirmations frequently put forward by political types (politicians and policy-makers). Humbly, this Is not to Imply that these particular assumptions are shared universally: in fact, many of the theories are really opposing pairs of, dichotomous conjectures, Witt those partisan to one side to a certain debate embracing that conjecture while their opponents reciprocate the other. Centrally the point is that these outright and racial foundational notions concerning al-Qaeda, are for many assertions made by those addressing key issues and debating in the field. By ‘ assumptions these reflections suggest that Miller’s six assumptions have been given inadequate attention in terrorism scholarship and dialogue. Not saying that these assumptions have been converted into the bases for other claims because they have been considered so obviously true and were taken for granted, or so indispensable research as to be automatically accepted for any scholarship whatsoever to continue. Contrarily, these assumptions engross some complex, inconsequential matters. This being said too often they have been accepted and neglected in favor of important research in other directions. What I hope to achieve with this paper is to draw attention to them, and in doing so, persuade their investigation through due diligent research and in depth analyses. Far too often these assumptions have not been totally ignored, but they have been left moderately unexplored. In addition, they also have been taken as the basis for other claims and assertions. For this reason, this research paper investigates 2 of the six assumptions, n an attempt to reveal what is habitually taken for granted in many conversations about al-Qaeda. This coupled with the consequent penalty for assertions made about counterterrorism and terrorism. In addition, proposals for how each assumption could be explored more completely and systematically are offered. This research paper then concludes by making a note of social science, and that it may never offer perfect answers on issues such as those brought up earlier. Moreover, headway towards a more scrupulous and more researched deliberation on these matters would represent significant progress. Assumption 1: The role of the internet The first moderately unfamiliar assumption requiring in depth research concerns the function of the internet in the dynamics of al-Qaeda, and its product of terrorism. Generally it has become normal to refer with awe to the purportedly amplified central – role that the internet has assumed in the progression of terrorist activities regarding al-Qaeda and its cells . As for the most part, in a thorough discussion, Atman (2006) suggesting that it ‘is no embellishment to say that the Internet is the solitary most significant factor in transforming mostly local Jihad concerns and actions into the truly universal network that al Qaeda has developed into today’, and culminating in the claim that ‘al Qaeda is hastily becoming the foremost web- directed guerrilla network in the world’ (up. 124, 149). Atman and others who trenchantly talked about the position of the internet in al-Qaeda progression collects evidence of vast amounts of Jihads online activity to craft their case. Chat rooms, emails and Web sites all bristle with Jihads discussion, dissemination, and debate, providing resources vital to individuals studying al-Qaeda. However, the real mentality of such virtual movement to al-Qaeda and its acts of terrorism remains a relatively unexplored theory in these intellectual accounts of the internet transformation role for al-Qaeda. Some questions some, are internet-based communications in tact bringing together factions who would not otherwise have met? Or question two dose it Just simply provides an easier, less costly, and more rapid platform for terrorist or radical type exchanges that nevertheless would likely have otherwise taken place? Thirdly, do the social networks acknowledged by Seaman (2008, esp.. up. 109-123) being facilitated ND amplified through use of the internet, or is the primary meaner of face-to-face contact still the way in which definite terrorist goings-on come about? Lastly, is virtual training materials replacing actual physical terrorist training camps. Or dose those found guilty of the 7 July 2005 bombings in London, demonstrate connections to ‘conventional’, physical training camps and are they still a key element of terrorist activity? Moreover, dose a rather simplistic, but nevertheless helpful, similarity underscores the point and again asks this question. If an unfamiliar person were to investigate my wan communications, they would surely find an enormous amount of correspondence taking place over the internet, mostly through emails and research. You read "Introduction to Science" in category "Papers" They might be coaxed to conclude that such correspondence would not be taking place if I were lacking access to the internet. Now a conclusion such as this is not inevitably warranted however, as many of the very same correspondence that I currently converse through emails are the very same I would communicate if the internet didn’t exist. Instead I would use phone calls, letters, and face to face letters, meetings. So, my use of the internet definitely would exhibit an advancement in my earns of communication, the real effect if truth be told would be a displacement of associations and communication that would on the other hand occurred otherwise. So that meaner that the substantive effect would, in reality, be far slighter than it first appeared. Scholarly Works such as that of â€Å"Limit already have begun to suggest that at least somewhat similar phenomenon may characterize the role of the internet in radical Salamis discussions and activity. † [1] â€Å"Limit (outwitted a doubt, the internet has played an important and significant role in spreading al-Qaeda ideology and usage, especially as images and videos from Iraq have disseminated quickly and widely around the country, and indeed, around the world. But the oft-asserted and oft-bemoaned link between the role of the internet and actual terrorist activity remains undocumented, unclear – and a sixth rather unexplored assumption. Research must continue in the direction provided by Bunt (2003), Wingman (AAA, Bibb), and others, and evolve further still from an analysis of what terrorists try to accomplish over the internet to what in fact the actual effects and consequences of such virtual activities are. † Assumption 2: The relationship between fighting ‘AY-Qaeda in Iraq’ and fighting al- Qaeda globally On November 16, 2002 in a notoriously proclaiming speech President George W. Bush stated that â€Å"We’re taking the fight to the terrorists abroad, so we don’t have to face them here at home. [3] This bold statement that he and several of his constituents have repeated numerous times since. In response, pundits , scholars, and critical politicians, like Simon and Benjamin (2005, up. 192-193), have retorted that such a notorious proclamation coupled with the conception of the threat faced in Iraq by Americans and its allies alike, is deeply misguided. Several of these critics p ush and take it a step turner still, declaring Nat t there is little to no correlation between now America fares in Iraq as well as how a global counterterrorism campaign in opposition to al-Qaeda would proceed. The dichotomy of these opposing views constitutes some relatively unexplored yet significant opposing assumptions. Of course Bush and his constituents reciprocated several arguments in their favor as well fore example: â€Å"not only that killing or capturing terrorists in Iraq prevents them room ever getting to American shores,†[3] also, and probably more convincingly, â€Å"that dealing â€Å"AY-Qaeda in Iraq† a visible defeat will turn the tide of global support against the group. [3] Supporters of these views in particular are later fond that invoking Osama bin Alden’s own claim that â€Å"when people see a strong horse and a weak horse, by nature, they will like the strong horse. † This statement by Bin Laden was used to the advantage of Bush which meet that, for those who supported his comments, meet that success in Iraq holds the the key and potential of becoming a success globally in slowing the momentum spawned by al-Qaeda in recent years. By say ing this the assumption of the right is that crushing ‘AY-Qaeda in Iraq’ can and will contribute to crushing al-Qaeda globally. Conversely, Left wingers (Bush’s critics) uphold that there was little to no al-Qaeda presence in Iraq before the American invasion in 2003 coupled with the notion that America’s expensive and gory efforts in Iraq are in fact, purely a distraction of capital and attention from the global operation against the terrorist group that actually attacked the US on 11 September 2001. The left wingers in general focused on the first and weakest of Bush’s two main arguments. The Intel into Iraqis show that terrorist cells in Iraq are in fact mostly Iraqis as opposed to outsiders who were not affianced in terrorist actions before America entered Iraq. Consecutively, critics assert that even dealing â€Å"AY-Qaeda in Iraq† a evident defeat will yield little to hinder al-Qaeda globally. This assumption in this regard by left wingers is that even a comprehensive defeat of â€Å"AY-Qaeda in Iraq† would offer an immaterial role to America’s global counterterrorism efforts. So the question is which one these partisan assumptions â€Å"if either† are correct. This is enormously the meat of today’s debate/research concerning forward momentum in Iraq. The dichotomy of opposing assumptions sadly, and shockingly, had been given virtually no attention by intellectuals at the time. Scrupulously, the question of whether an observer crushing of ‘AY-Qaeda in Iraq’ would persuade Shadiest and potential Shadiest worldwide hadn’t been the subject matter of almost all detailed research at the time. Cook’s (2003) intuitive paper entitled, â€Å"The recovery of radical Islam in the wake of the defeat of the Taliban,† spelled out the type of research that could be a necessary modeled. In that paper, Cook traces Jihads debates and proclamations to reveal the ways in which America’s notable but incomplete defeat of the Taliban in late 2001 was hastily rationalized and explained away by Shadiest globally. This left them with little if no impression helpful to America’s counterterrorism efforts. [10] Some would say that what is needed for success in Iraq is a parallel study, tracing Jihads debates since 2003 coupled with investigating whether the evident success or failure of â€Å"AY-Qaeda in Iraq† shows to have had any impact on generating or dampening though undoubtedly more difficult concern for al-Qaeda globally. Also it is by no meaner definitive as to the probable results of future developments in Iraq, such a study of the past ten years would provide enormous input to ongoing debates coupled Witt laying the dauntlessly tort evaluating, in a grounded and intellectual manner, the inferences that success by the US against â€Å"AY-Qaeda in Iraq† either will or will not yield useful effects against al- Qaeda on a broader scale. In addition, exploring another prospectively intuitive approach to these dichotomies of assumption could emulate Shannon and Tennis’s (2007) fascinating â€Å"Militant Islam and the futile fight for the reputation†. 27] Just as these intellectual types examine past manifestations of American determination in order to evaluate whether militant Psalmists ever truly rework their opinion of the US as wish-washy, current and future research can and should explore whether defeats in one ring for worldwide terrorist groups in reality have any impact on the drive of such groups globally. Research down both these positions, and in other directions additionally one hopes, would fall short of providing any definitive answers as to the connection between the war against â€Å"AY-Qaeda in Iraq†and the war against al-Qaeda globally. How to cite Introduction to Science, Papers

Marketing Plan for Luxatic Products †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Plan for Luxatic Products. Answer: Introduction: As discussed earlier, the luxatic yachts and jets were introduced in the tourism sector for the clients who prefer experiencing new adventures. The industry is defined by seasons hence, to maintain the product relevance in the market strategic plans must be discharged to ensure consumption of the same throughout the year. Koc and Altinay (2007), imply that the players in the tourism sector offer sub-standard services during peak season as a result of many customers to attend to. As such, the knowledge is vital in marketing their products differently in order to reduce competition. Carrying out reviews and learning from current trends is essential for any business that aims to stand out in their industry. Keelson (2012) claimed that over the years marketing strategies have shifted based on the popularity of different concepts and the specific period. In the past, companies cared more about the scale of production to satisfy the overwhelming demand that once a company made a name retaining clients was easy. However, with the age of technology, there are many products by numerous producers in the market. As such, the potential customers can access a lot of information from the comfort of their homes or work-place and purchase the same virtually. Therefore, Luxatic products have a platform in the competitive virtual space, which is one of the approaches that have made it a recognized brand globally for the target consumers. Additionally, they have provided a wide range of attractive photos that are essential since the industry depends on the attractiveness of the products. Availability to consumers in the internet and social platforms is necessary hence they have not restricted access to their website for people around the world, unlike some companies that only allow viewership within a specific geographical region. Project Market Objectives The Australian yacht tourism is existent and there are domestic and foreign visitors who visit the country just for the purpose. However, Kurleto (2013) insist that the business is faced with challenges from conservationists to practice sustainable activities in the field. Therefore, the company should take the opportunity to brand itself in a manner that ensures they stand out in ecotourism matters to gain the competitive advantage over other players in the industry. In addition, most of the companies in the field do not use similar machines for the business thus with their luxurious products they should attract the clients willing to pay for great services. They also need to carry extensive surveys in the market to learn and keep up to date with trends that the clients find more interesting. In addition, creating products for local clients who do not intend to spend much on the trips would be beneficial especially during low seasons. Yacht cruising and use of jets as a major trend not just in Australia but in other regions of the world is a great business opportunity to venture in. As such, the luxutic has a chance to become a major brand since the field has not been very dominated yet and when many businesses venture, they will be well established hence their scale of production will be higher hence remain a major player. In addition, as they continue to offer services in the new market, they can promote their brand such that they are able to retain their clients even when the market is flooded. Orams (2013) insist that there are many tourists that visit destinations just to watch whales from around the world. The activity has popularized yachts in the sector because it is the most comfortable means of water transport and gives the clients the prestige as compared to traveling using other means. In addition, wealthy people around the world prefer to hire private jets and since Australia is a large country compared to others in the world, having access to one while touring would save a lot of time that would otherwise be used in transit. Apart from using the two as a means of transport, they also attract a number of tourists to view them. As such, the company should invest in unique products as well as innovative means to attract visitors due to their physical features. Market Analysis: PESTEL Model McMenamin (2008) implies that despite changes in political regimes, the various governments aim is to create an enabling environment for businesses and make laws that are supportive of entrepreneurs when the need arises. As a result, the enterprises are able to contribute revenue for the country to run other sectors. The business should be able to present their issues if any to the relevant authorities in order to maintain a proper working relationship. The companies should maintain political neutrality in order to maintain a national outlook that the clients seek in a brand. The country is among major economies in the world due to continuous growth and development in all sectors that generate revenue. McMenamin (2008) insists that this is one contributor to the great business environment since premises cannot thrive in a diminishing economy due to the challenges that it presents. As such, they are able to continue producing services and commodities within a scale possible to make profits and put them in the market at a price that the clients are willing to pay. Consequently, in case of expansion, the company should carry out a survey in the areas they wish to invest to avoid making losses. Social Analysis The relationship between a company and the community within their area of operation is necessary to ensure proper performance. Apparently, the company does not have any records of negative interactions with the people. However, they should practice positive engagements with the societies because doing so elevates the name of the brand. The activities include involving them in decisions that may affect them such as when planning to erect a building not just because it is mandatory but in order to maintain respect and cohesion, as well as the brand name. At this day, there is much technological advancement around the globe and Australia is among the countries in the front line. The infrastructure has allowed businesses to come up with new products that were not produced before. However, they are expensive to install and require high-quality products that are available in countries that are the major players. The company we are focusing on is at the core of the use of technology since they venture in a field that is not common. Certainly, an improvement on their products and investing further in innovative solutions would improve their competitiveness in the industry. Companies experience legal challenges when they fail to comply with set standards or engage in improper activities within their operations. Such include tax evasion which is common with businesses or procedural failures. However, some countries make these requirements difficult to comply with due to the way in which they diminish their ability to be productive. In the country, the requirements are friendly to the businesses enabling a lot of players to venture in premises they aim to. In this environment, the company should expand and improve their services since there is provision for the same. Environmental Analysis The tourism industry has a provision for an ecology-friendly operation that insists that these activities should be conducted without harming the natural resources or depleting their ability to be equally productive for future generations. As such, Kurleto, (2013) insists that any companies taking part in tourism should take responsibility ensuring that their endeavors do not harm the water bodies by either trashing or spilling oil in transit. Funding environmental courses as a part of their charity program would go a long way in marketing themselves as agents of conservation and attract attention that works to promote the brand. According to Kirant and Orban (2010), an essential part of the market mix is the people because they determine how the business will be perceived by the consumers and other external players. The concept is based on the role they play in the services especially in an industry like tourism. They also claim that for the ultimate results in marketing, all stakeholders within the enterprise must work together towards the common goal of satisfying clients in order to retain them. Additionally, the same should be extended to the community since tourism involves traveling and if the community is hostile towards the guests, the efforts of the business to impress them alone might not attain the goal it was meant to. Under tourism sector, the company offers two products; the yacht as well as the jets. Consequently, they are able to provide standard services since they do not engage in a wide range of products. Apparently, a minimal quantity of products ensures specialization hence they can carry out necessary market trend survey and meet necessary requirements because the field is relatively young as compared to other locomotives. Maximizing their potential by use of innovative methods to stand out from others since failure when only two products are in the market would mean the closure of the business. For that reason, their uniqueness is the selling point as well as the luxury aspect. Optimizing production through different seasons despite the market fluctuations is the major component of the product mix (Nazari-Shirkouhi et al 2010). The prices should be set in such a way that there are willing consumers who can afford the services at all times around the year. Using the seasons to reach a figure such that during peak season when there are many consumers willing to purchase products at any market price would reduce overcrowding in the business which leads to offering less quality and result in loss of possible permanent clients. On the low seasons, there are very few clients taking vacations hence destinations do not get enough clients. Consequently, the businesses should offer cheap packages to attract local visitors who can take time to engage in recreational activities. In addition, making small products to complement the earnings during the low season would play a vital role in maintaining the profit margins of the company where they are enough to support running the company and avoid closing down or retrenching like businesses do. Conclusion By implementing the above marketing strategies, a company should be able to make profits and have a competitive advantage over other businesses in the industry. Additionally, carrying out an extensive survey on specific actions that can be taken into action increases the number of options that can be enacted. As such, a scholar participating in a similar exercise is well prepared with right skills for a similar role in the future. References Keelson, S. A. (2012). The Evolution of the Marketing Concepts: Theoretically Different Roads Leading to Practically Same Destination!. ISSN 1931-0285 CD ISSN 1941-9589 ONLINE, 173. Kirant, Y. Ozen, Orhan I. (2010). A model proposal on the use of creative tourism experiences in congress marketing mix. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 8(3). Koc, E., Altinay, G. (2007). An analysis of seasonality in monthly per person tourist spending in Turkish inbound tourism from a market segmentation perspective. Tourism from a market segmentation perspective. Tourism management, 28(1), 227-237. Kurleto, M. (2013). Sustainable management of lakes taking into consideration the tourism and nature conservation in Australia and New Zealand. PUBLISHER UWM, 91. McMenamin, I. (2008). Business, politics, and money in Australia: testing economic, political and ideological explanations. Australian Journal of Political Science, 43(3), 377-393. Nazari-Shirkouhi, S., Eivazy, H., Ghodsi, R., Rezaie., Atashpaz-Gargari, E. (2010). Solving the integrated product mix-outsourcing problem using the imperialist competitive algorithm. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(12), 7615-7626. Orams, M. (2013). Economic activity derived from whale-based tourism in Vavau, Tonga. Coastal Management, 41(6), 481-500.

Prostitution Should Be Legal Essays - Sex Industry, Prostitution

Prostitution Should be Legal Referred to as the "oldest profession", prostitution ". . . has long been a problem which has provoked and disturbed Americans" (Kinsie 3). "Prostitution [is] the performance of sexual acts, solely for the purpose of material gain" (James [NA]). Prostitution remains, excepted and considered normal in some cultures. No gender specifics exist for prostitutes , but female prostitutes comprise the majority of prostitutes. A person male and married characterizing the majority of prostitutes clients, commonly referred to as a "John". Surprisingly, but true, US prostitutes work legally in some areas. "Prostitution is currently illegal in all 50 states" (Flowers 8), with the exception of 12 rural counties in Nevada. A variety of different types of prostitutes exist: streetwalkers, call girls, massage parlor/brothel/in house prostitutes, madams, indentured sex slaves, escort service prostitutes, professional dominatrics, homeless, drug addicted and part time prostitutes (Flowers 18, 19). In 1995, approximately 95,000 arrests were made (70% female prostitutes, 20% male prostitutes and 10% customers), mostly streetwalkers; a misdemeanor typically resulting in a fine, occasionally a 30-day jail term. More importantly than numbers, what motivates one to choose a career of prostitution? Perhaps persuasion, coercion, abuse, addiction or poor conditions/lifestyle and the financial lure. Legalizing prostitution ensures regulation and taxation, allowing the police to deal with more violent crimes and reduce the abuse of prostitutes by "Pimps". There remain many reasons why one may favor the illegal status of prostitution. Some see the "profession" as exploitive to women, a ". . . form of sexual slavery" (Abraham 1). Feminists claim that prostitution reinforces the status that women represent objects, undoing the prevails of women in the past. Yet still, many believe in neo-Victorism, a condescending belief that prostitutes are unaware of their action and need someone with more education to protect them (Abraham 1). Much of the public describes the profession of prostitution as dirty, immoral and degrading. For many, prostitution results in a destructive, abusive "career" in which Pimps, those who "own" and distribute prostitutes for the benefit of financial gain, and Johns abuse and violate women. Prostitution also greatly affects the community and the public. Those who use prostitutes for their pleasure risk the contraction of diseases, thus spreading with each new sexual partner, endangering the lives of many. Although valid reasons justify why one would want to keep prostitution with an illegal status, the benefits far out way the negative aspects of prostitution. Legalizing the profession increases the quality of lives for those who partake in prostitution as a career and those who "use" the business they offer. Legalization of prostitution allows regulation, requiring medical examination of prostitutes on a regular basis, helping to reduce the transfer of STDs and communicable diseases. According to the US Department of Health, 3% to 5% of STDs in the United States are linked to prostitutes (Prostitution in the US . . . [NA]). These relatively small numbers results in a "domino effect". If someone contracts a disease during an interlude with a prostitute, each sexual partner thereafter carries the potential risk of "contamination". In addition, the health of prostitutes most likely increases. Early detection and treatment of STDs, diseases or illnesses, and drug addiction constitute likely results of prostitution legalization. These actions increase the likelihood of prostitutes' good health, resulting in a safer environment for their clients as well. Exploitation from pimps eliminates with the legalization of prostitution. Pimps usually take a large portion of the prostitutes profit, up to 50% and sometimes more. This exploitation includes abuse, both physical and mental, often leading to murder. A legal status of prostitution allows prostitutes to work for themselves, or in a safe, controlled environment, such as a licensed brothel. Legalization allows for taxation of prostitution wages, like any other employment. Taxation of prostitution results in increased taxes collected by cities, counties and states. By taxation, prostitutes enjoy the benefits of unemployment insurance, disability insurance and social security, thus ensuring prostitutes the choice of continuing or discontinuing their career in prostitution. Cities, counties and states profit by taxation and legalizing prostitution results in a reduction of criminal prosecution costs. "Average arrest, court [and] incarceration costs amount to nearly $2000 per arrest. Cities spend an average of $7.5 million on prostitution control every year. Ranging from $1 million (Memphis) to $23 million (New York)" (Prostitution in the US. . . [NA]). This extra money and time provides police more time to deal with and prosecute violent crimes. The elimination of the prosecution of prostitutes saves time and money for the justice system

Learning Mechanisms Associated with Referent Selection and Retention in 18-24 Month Old Children Essays

Learning Mechanisms Associated with Referent Selection and Retention in 18-24 Month Old Children Essays Learning Mechanisms Associated with Referent Selection and Retention in 18-24 Month Old Children Essay Learning Mechanisms Associated with Referent Selection and Retention in 18-24 Month Old Children Essay Learning Mechanisms Associated with Referent Selection and Retention in 18-24 Month Old Children Children are different from the adults especially in the way they visualize and conceptualize ideas and synthesize complex information as compared to adults. The learning environment in which a child is brought up dictates how fast the child is able to integrate into the formal school setup. In researching and studying how a child synthesizes information, it gives much insight into what are the strengths and weaknesses of the child as he or she grows, and also it exposes a niche in the development of the child and especially if one concentrates on the formal and developed learning environments and setups where children grow in. Learning Mechanisms Theories Some researchers have formulated theories suggesting that young children have complex cognitive senses that are used by the young children to comprehend what is around them (Piaget, 1920). Swiss psychologist argued that the cognitive structures of the young children developed gradually through various stages. He concluded that the external and internal environment surrounding the child leads to the gradual intellectual development of the child and mostly depends on the coordination of childs senses of hearing and touch (Gibson, 1973). Many scholars researched the childs sense of sight and hearing and some researchers, for example, Gibson (1973) noted that a childs learning ability was so rapid since the child was able to conceptualize the objects that were around them, and this made some scientists suggest that the mind of a child operates like a computer since the mind processes information very quickly Garner (1970) did a research on the social background of a child and how it influenced the childs thinking and the power to apprehend various things that were in the childs surrounding. He was also interested in understanding on how people and culture influenced development thinking of a child and he found that there was a zone of proximal development where there is a bandwidth of competence (Brown Reeve, 1987). It suggests that whatever a child can do with assistance of adults can also be done by a child without any assistance, underpinning the rapid development of a childs brain (Dore, Franklin, Miller Ramer, 1976). A Standard View: Acquiring Lexical Knowledge In this concept, word learning is fast developing (Bloom, 2000). Nazzi and Bertoncini (2003) described children as efficient learners. Though children being efficient learners, the main obstacle is that people in the society use ambiguous words to refer to an object or person just present making it difficult for the child to comprehend the new word. Despite the children going through all these challenges, it is somewhat seen as the start of social skills that enhance word learning Learning Mechanisms Used for Teaching Children Children and community where the child grows, play a great role in the development of the child. This greatly influences the childs behavior and intelligence hence making them acquire the various behavior that is present in the society. Though some behavior may impact the children positively or negatively. The physical world also influences the learning of children. They understand that objects vulnerable to fall are supported, immovable objects are moved with application of force and that the children stare longer to unusual happenings in the surrounding showing that they are conscious of their physical environment as much as the adults are conscious of their environment (Behl-Chadha, 1996). The early number concept shows that the human brain recognizes representation of the series of pictures and numbers. In a research done by Gibson (1973) some children aged from 6 to 8 months were subjected to the viewing of photographic slides which were grouped into two or three pictures per slide. As the children viewed the pictures, the interest of the children in viewing the photos fell by fifty percent and as the photos went on being repeated, the interest of the children fell further. In any case, when a new photo not previously viewed popped up, the interest of the children towards the photo grew and they got interested in viewing it. This shows that the children are able to process what they view either pictures or numbers (Garner, 1970). Early attention should be paid to a language a child is able to learn and develop according to where he or she has been brought up. They have the ability to differentiate between linguistic and non-linguistic languages and also they can differentiate different languages and sounds. Some research showed that a 2-month-old American born child reacted to some English utterances in more active way than to the Spanish utterances. Also, the child was able to notice the intonations in the utterances and this ensured that the child understood well the language spoken and the reaction and meaning of the statement made. The importance of gaining capacity, strategies, and knowledge which ensures that children are more intelligent and competent as they grow and mature (Behl-Chadha, 1996) As the children grow up they are able to make more complex decisions and thus grown up children are able to perform complex tasks in a more effective and efficient way and this ensures that the limited space and time they have are used in an efficient way to produce better results (Behl-Chadha, 1996)There are also more ways to ensure that there is retention of information for easier remembrance and apprehension of an idea. Metacognition is another learning mechanism that ensures referent selection and retention to children in the age of between 18 and 24 months. This is a phenomenon where a person has a higher level of thinking capacity. It also includes self-correction, controlling of ones mind, planning and execution of one own plan for efficient learning and the continuous gaining of knowledge (Bereiter ; Scardamalia, 1989). If children are not introduced to self-thinking and to self-control of their actions and decisions, in future they will be poor implementers of crucial decisions and tasks thus jeopardizing the effective running of their personal affairs. Though this phenomenon grows gradually as one grows up, some aspects of self-decision making should be introduced earlier in a childs life. Multiple strategies or strategy choices should be effectively enhanced for children to start reasoning and solving various challenging tasks as early as possible. This coupled with multiple intelligence which largely deals with the logical, linguistic and interpersonal intelligence (Gardner, 1997). This should be nurtured at an early stage of growth of the childs life to ensure flexibility of the childs decision making. Children should be motivated to learn, read and tell stories. This will ensure the growth and easier understanding of a language by the child. Reading of the pictured story books enable children to form mental illustrations in their mind to enhance concentration. To ensure that the book is readable to the child, questions may be asked throughout the book and in case the child encounters any hitches, the adult may help with it ensuring that the child is able to effectively answer the question. For example, asking the child the question what happened next? will develop the narrative skills of the child at an early stage. Cultural variations in communication are crucial in how a child grows and develops and it also impacts a childs learning culture (Newell, Shaw Simon, 1958). Though each society has its own unique way in how it communicates, children should be able to understand how to communicate in at least one language since this will inculcate various kinds of knowledge and interaction between the child and other people in the society. Conversing and observation are another way that learning can be enhanced in a child. In different interactions with the people in the society, children observe and reciprocate what they see the adults doing in the society. For example, the Pueblo children are given a chance to experience the adult life and they are allowed to choose what and whom to associate with (Gibson, 1973). In other communities, children are not allowed to directly converse with adults and when the adult talks, the child should better listen, since talking when the adult talks is abominable according to their culture. Conclusion Children behavior and language are always influenced by the community that they have grown up in. Children are able to comprehend what is happening around them and their brain develops rapidly as the child advances in age. Children are actively engaged in making their own decisions that will eventually shape their future destiny. Their zeal and will to know something make them be able to understand and comprehend the various aspects that life offers them on display. Children have the reasoning capacity but they lack the knowledge and experience of life and that is why children are able to adhere to the discipline instilled by adults on them. References Behl-Chadha, G. (1996). Basic-level and superordinate-like categorical representations in early infancy. _Cognition, 60_ (2), 105-141. Bereiter, C. Scardamalia, M. (1989). Intentional learning as a goal of instruction. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), Knowing, learning, and instruction: Essays in honor of Robert Glaser (pp. 361-392). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved from http://ikit.org/fulltext/1989intentional.pdf Brown, A. L., Reeve, R. A. (in press). Bandwidths of competence: The role of supportive contexts in learning and development. To appear in L. S. Liben, D. H. Feldman (Eds.), Development and learning: Conflict and congruence? Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Garner, W. (1970). Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development. Eleanor J. Gibson. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1969. Century Psychology Series. Science, 168(3934), 958-959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3934.958 Dore, J., Franklin, M., Miller, R., Ramer, A. (1976). Transitional phenomena in early language acquisition. Journal Of Child Language, 3_ (01). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900001288 Howard, G. (1997). Extraordinary minds; portraits of exceptional individuals and an examination of extraordinariness. Retrieved from: www.gurteen.com/gurteen/gurteen.nsf/id/x004DD0DA/ Newell, A., Shaw, J. Simon, H. (1958). Elements of a theory of human problem solving. Psychological Review, 65(3), 151-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0048495

Illiteracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Illiteracy - Essay Example The U.S. does not have this capability which many have argued has led to a great increase in the levels of illiteracy in the country. According to a US government report, The State of Literacy in America, released in 1998 by the National Institute for Literacy (NIL) (cited in Roberts, 1998), there has been a significant growth in illiteracy in America. â€Å"Over 90 million US adults, nearly one out of two, are functionally illiterate or near illiterate, without the minimum skills required in a modern society† (Roberts, 1998). Many experts have blamed this failing on an educational system that focuses almost exclusively upon a sight-based reading program that has proven to be ineffective for the majority of learners (Hoerl, 1997). Not surprisingly, there is a very high rate of illiteracy among children and young adults in the juvenile justice system according to a study revealed in the book Retarding America the Imprisonment of Potential. It has been shown that these kids who learn to read while incarcerated have a strikingly lower recidivism rate than those who do not. Despite these findings, the majority of juvenile and adult prisons, as well as many schools and adult assistance institutions, teach the sight-based reading system (Brunner, 1993). Unquestionably, the debate regarding reading education methods have brought about emotional responses from all those affected for over a century. Why Johnny Can’t Read, written by Rudolph Flesch in 1955, sparked a nationwide discussion. Flesch suggested that practically all reading problems experienced by children in the U.S. were caused from educators and publishers who had banned together in an effort to deny phonics instruction. Following the publication of Learning to Read: The Great Debate (Chall, 1967), an evaluation of all published research to date on the effects of various approaches to beginning

Libel law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Libel law - Essay Example ommon libel prompting charges is accusing someone of being a communist, describing a lady as a call girl, calling an attorney a criminal, and condemning a minister for immoral conduct (Amponsah 78). Also, other cases arise due to accusing a father of infringing the confidence of his son, calling a political foe a liar or thief and calling a television character a â€Å"chicken butt" and "local loser". The defenses used in lawsuits are the truth, privilege and fair comment. If a journalist reports something, then it is thought to be true (Lawhorne 98). Also, journalists have the privilege of reporting accurate proceedings. Finally, journalists have the right to fair comment. Hence, what is published is perceived as the truth. The New York Time Co. vs. Sullivan recognized that, for a public official to succeed, a declaration must be printed (Mason 53). In addition, the person who published the statement was aware it would cause havoc, but he or she still disregarded the truth. Some of the court rulings that have had a significant impact on libel law are the case of John Zenger vs. William Cosby (1735), Dow Jones vs. MMAR Group Inc. and Alex Konanykhin vs. Izvestia, the Russian newspaper. All these cases went in favor of the plaintiffs. It also goes to conclude that if a plaintiff has grounds with regards to what was published he or she stands to win in a court of

Contract law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Contract law - Case Study Example As Gavrilovic (2013) has noted, under the Second Schedule of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, a supplier party should make accommodations for the consumer as a way of fulfilling the spirit of reasonableness of contractual terms. In light of these provisions, the University has provided Ms Edwards adequate accommodation of  £20 discount on her weekly rental fee. This accommodation by the University renders her alleged â€Å"unreasonableness† of the institution’s contract terms a, b and c in the tenancy agreement void. Regulation 5(1) of the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 provides the definition of an unfair contractual term as one that: has not had the input of the consumer or one that substantially impacts the rights and responsibilities of the parties to an extent that it creates an imbalance of the duties or one that negatively affects the spirit of good faith. In this case, Ms Edwards’ acceptable of the tenancy contract terms offered by the University against other less favourable options provided by the private sector can be construed to mean as a student she negotiated for the lower rental fee (Toms, 2009). A contract term that results in â€Å"significant imbalance† and thus unfair to a consumer, requires that the condition has to be seen as detrimental to the consumer and extremely beneficial to the supplier in terms of profits (Gavrilovic, 2013). In this case, the University did not intend to benefit in any way whatsoever by limiting Ms Edwards’ and any other student’s desire to hold parties within the institution’s premises. In fact, the rule is part of the institution’s duty of care in ensuring that the organization’s assets including the human resources are safeguarded from any harm within the University’s property. In light of this second rule, the contractual terms are fair and reasonable to the plaintiff. Lastly, the terms which the

The design of the mortar bomb

The design of the mortar bomb It is important to do studies on existing information regarding the design of the mortar bomb. This will help in giving a critical review about the subject in this study which is the ammunition for 81mm mortar. This chapter will discuss about the parts of the mortar bomb, types of 81mm mortar ammunition, ballistic of mortar, fragmentation of the bomb, aerodynamic forces and moment acting, bomb stability and software used for simulation. From the research, all information will be the guideline in developing this study. This chapter will also increase the understanding of this study in order to ensure success at the end of the second semester. 2.1.1 Background of Mortar Mortars started to be developed when tactical trench lines came into use in the World War I. The objective was to bring casualty into the enemy trenches. The early idea and complex design was the German mine launcher, Minenwerfer but the archetype of a mortar was the British Stokes design in 1915 which was a simple tube with a fixed firing pin at the bottom end, where a bomb was dropped and ignited to launch the bomb out from the barrel to the target. Basically, mortar is a stumpy tube designed to fire a projectile at an angle higher than 45 degrees but lower than 85 degrees so that it falls on the enemy territory. Figure 2.1 (a): Minenwerfer (www.landships.freeservers.com) Figure 2.1 (b): Stokes Mortar (www.landships.freeservers.com) 2.1.2 Types of Mortar There are no precise definitions in categorising the mortar. Therefore it is helpful to group them as light, medium or heavy. 2.1.2.1 Light Mortars Mortars of approximately 50 to 70mm size of calibre which are laid by hand meaning they have no baseplate or bipod and have very simple sighting systems. They are generally carried at platoon level. Figure 2.2: Light mortar (www.flamesofwar.com) 2.1.2.2 Medium Mortars All other conventional man portable mortars, with calibres sizing up to approximately 110mm. They are usually pooled in specialist support sections at company or battalion level. They have base plate, bipods, and sophisticated sighting system. Figure 2.3: Medium mortar (www.gosfordhobbies.com.au) 2.1.2.3 Heavy Mortars Mortars which are too heavy to be carried and which are therefore vehicle mounted or towed, although it should be noted that light and medium mortars are frequently vehicle mounted for tactical even though they may be man portable. Figure 2.4: Heavy mortar (www.missing-linx.com) 2.1.3 Mortar Ammunition It is the mortar bomb, a streamlined metal shell having stabilising vanes at the tail which is normally filled with explosives. The mortar bomb gained its thrust through the burning of an amount propelling charge placed in the tube. The size of mortar bomb varies depending on the inner diameter of the mortar. Mortar ammunition can be categorised depending on their fillings and purposed as: i. High Explosive (HE) is use for fragmentation and blast. It causes troop casualties and damage to light material. ii. Red Phosphorus (RP), White Phosphorus (WP) smoke. It is used to screen, signal, and act as an incendiary. iii. Illumination. Used to illuminate, signal, and mark. iv. Training Practice (TP). Training items are completely inert. Practice items may or may not contain explosive sections such as propellant charges or spotting charges. 2.2 Mortar Bomb Parts The construction of a mortar bomb is normally consists of fuze, casing with obturation baffles, cartridge and fin. Every part mentioned has different purpose on the bomb. Figure 2.5: A typical mortar bomb 2.2.1 Fuze The purpose of a fuze is to initiate a projectile when it strikes a target or at an appropriate point in its flight. It cannot be accidentally initiated in storage, transportation, or in the weapon when it is fired. Fuze used on mortar bomb is the nose fuze type, a simple percussion fuzes which function when the nose of the shell is crushed on impact with the target. This type of fuze is normally fitted to High explosives (HE) and white phosphorus smoke ammunition. Those used with HE shells often incorporate an optional delay setting which allows the projectile to penetrate the target before functioning. Figure 2.6: Projectiles with nose fuze (www.globalsecurity.org) 2.2.2 Casing The casing carries fillings which determine the purpose of the ammunition. For HE fillings, it is designed to provide maximum fragmentation during explosion when detonated by the fuze. The material used in governing the casing is normally forged steel and cast iron. Figure 2.7: Cut-section of the casing 2.2.3 Obturation The diameter of a mortar bomb must be less than that of the tube from which it is to be fired or otherwise it could not be loaded. For the bomb to drop straight to the bottom of the barrel without being supported on a cushion of air there must be a gap between the outer wall of the bomb and the inner wall of the tube. This gap is known as windage. Windage allows expanding propellant gases to flow past the bomb and vent into the atmosphere and thus lower the thrust of the bomb when it is launched. Obturation provides a close down to this gap. 2.2.3.1 Obturating Baffles To prevent the excessive loss of gas on firing is to machine series of baffles around the widest part of the casing. The baffles create turbulence in the windage gap between the bomb and the internal surface of the barrel, and thus prevent the gases from flowing freely upwards. Figure 2.8: Obturating baffles system (Cranfield Institute of Technology) 2.2.3.2 Obturating Ring One of the most significant advances in modern mortar bomb design was the invention of the plastic obturating ring, an expanding split ring sitting in a single groove in the bomb casing. This system provides excellent obturation. Figure 2.9: Obturating ring system (Cranfield Institute of Technology) 2.2.4 Cartridge Cartridge carries propellants. Upon firing, a pin strikes the primer at the base of the cartridge and ignites the propellant powder, which burns rapidly and generates expanding gases. The gases are forced down the length of the barrel, pushing the projectile in front of them and eventually out of the barrel. 2.2.4.1 Primary Cartridge The primary cartridge carries the initiating system and the first increment of the propelling charge. It fits into the central channel in the spigot of the tail section. When the propellant in the primary cartridge is ignited, the cartridge ruptures at point corresponding to the holes in the tail spigot. The flames which come from the tail spigot then ignite the augmenting cartridges, which are fitted around the tail of the bomb. 2.2.4.2 Augmenting Cartridge Most mortar bombs have augmenting cartridges which are ignited by the primary cartridge and which provide the full charge for achieving maximum range. For firing at shorter range, increments can be removed quickly and discarded. Figure 2.10: Primary and augmenting cartridge (Royal Ordnance) 2.2.5 Fin Fin provides stability to the projectile. Attached fin projectile does not need some sort of rifling bore to be launched since it does not require spinning in order to gain stability in flight. 2.3 Ballistic of Mortar Ballistic is characteristic for the motion of objects moving under their own momentum and the force of gravity. Mortars operate at low pressure compared to guns. It is possible to increase the pressure generated in the bore on firing but this requires a stronger, and heavier barrel and a bigger baseplate. Such solutions are possible for vehicle-mounted or towed equipments, but not for manportable mortars. All the work done by the expanding propellant gases in accelerating the bomb to its maximum velocity is achieved in the short distance travelled in the bore by the widest part of the bomb, which carries the obturating ring or baffles. After this part of the bomb has emerged from the muzzle the expanding gases continue to accelerate through the increasing gap into the atmosphere. In a typical mortar the distance travelled in the bore by the obturating part of the bomb is less then one meter. Any increase in this distance would produce a higher muzzle velocity and thus increased range, but this would be at the expense of portability. The muzzle velocity of typical 81-mm mortar bomb fired at maximum charged is around 300 m/s and this produces a maximum range in the region of 5000-6000 m. The tactical need for the infantry to engaged targets beyond this range is not so great as to outweigh the advantages of current weapon systems, with their portability, flexibility and speed into and out of action. Most mortar fire bomb at subsonic velocities and this avoids the ballistic complication of the transonic and supersonic zones. It is called subsonic if all the speeds considered are less than the speed of sound, transonic if speeds both below and above the speed of sound are present, supersonic when the flow speed is greater than the speed of sound. In the past the transonic zone presented a barrier through which mortar bomb could not fly without becoming catastrophically unstable, but this was largely the consequence of crude manufacture and assembly which resulted in asymmetric and inherently unstable ammunition. Modern mortar bomb are manufactured to close tolerance and they are thus more stable in flight an can be fired at supersonic velocities if greater ranges are required. Tampella long-barrelled 81-mm, 120-mm and 160-mm mortars fire bombs at muzzle velocities of up to 400 m/s. 2.4 Fragmentation The act of fragments scattering after the bomb is detonate. Fragmentation performance is controlled by fragment mass, fragment velocity and payload. 2.4.1 Fragment Mass Factors governing fragment mass are: i. material properties of the casing ii. thickness of casing wall iii. quantity of explosives iv. detonation velocity of explosives The material of the casing must be neither excessively ductile nor excessively brittle. 2.4.2 Fragment Velocity Factors governing fragment velocity are: i. Quantity of explosive inside casing ii. Energy of the explosives iii. Density of casing material To calculate fragment velocity, Gurney Formula is used: V = (2E) . [ (C/M) (1+C/2M) ] Where: V is the fragment velocity E is the Gurney explosives constant C is the mass of explosives per unit length M mass of casing per unit length Variations in the parameters would lead to a combination of fragment size and velocity which could be optimised for particular applications. In the case of mortar casing, the constraints imposed on the shape by aerodynamic considerations and on both shape and material choice by structural considerations will mitigate against an ideal fragmentation performance. 2.4.3 Payload It is usually desirable to carry the maximum high explosives payload to the target. Such considerations can therefore have a substantial effect on the design of extended range projectiles solutions may include using an extended length of ogive to reduce drag or use a sub-calibre round or to use base bleed. These solutions compromise the payload carrying capacity. 2.5 Aerodynamic Forces and Moment Acting On the Bomb The aerodynamic forces and moments which have measurable effect on a finned type projectile are the drag force, lift force, and pitching moment. Once the projectile leaves the muzzle, its trajectory is determined by many forces. Primarily, gravity exerts a constant pull on the body and acts through the centre of gravity which is determined by the distribution of weight throughout the body. Gravity always produces a uniform vertical acceleration of about 9.8 m/s2. Figure 2.11: Forces and moment during flight (Arrow Tech) 2.5.1 Centre of Gravity An unspin projectile must have its centre of gravity well forward so that it travels nose first. This governs the shape of the typical mortar bomb, which is wide at the nose and tapers toward the tail. The tail assembly must be as light as possible, and in modern designs this is achieved by making of lightweight aluminium alloy. If the bomb body is roughly cylindrical, as in a bomb used as a carrier for an ejecting payload such as smoke canisters or bomblets, the centre of gravity can be moved forward in relation to the overall length of the complete bomb by fitting a long tail boom. 2.5.2 Centre of Pressure The centre of pressure is the point at which wind forces exert no turning moment, and in any unspun projectile this point must be behind the centre of gravity. The lift generated by the fins of a mortar bomb provides a force the move the centre of pressure towards the rear, behind the centre of gravity. This generates a restoring moment that rotates the projectile through its centre of gravity towards the direction of its trajectory, thus progressively reducing yaw. 2.5.3 Drag Force Drag force opposes the forward velocity of the bomb. Drag forces act at the centre of pressure which is a function of the bodys shape and are in the opposite direction as the motion of the bomb. There are three types of drag force that apply, which are: i. Skin drag- friction on the outer surface as it moves through the air ii. Shape drag- caused by low pressure behind the body due to the flow of air around its shape. iii. Wave drag a loss of energy that is put into acoustic waves as the body passes through the air. Particularly strong near the speed of sound in air. Drag coefficient is mainly dependent on the shape of the bomb. In addition to this shape-related coefficient, the aerodynamic drag also depends on the frontal area of bomb, the air density, and the square of the relative air speed. The relationship between drag and these factors can be expressed by: Drag = Where: A is the frontal area is the density of the air is the speed of the bomb relative to the air 2.6 Stability of the Bomb Mortar bomb obtain stability through the use of fins located at the aft end of the bomb. Normally, six, eight, ten or twelve fins are employed. Additional stability is obtained by imparting some spin to the bomb by canting the leading edge of the fins. Fin-stabilized projectiles are very often sub-calibre. A sabot, wood or metal fitted around the projectile, is used to centre the projectile in the bore and provide a gas seal. Such projectiles vary from 10:1 to 15:1 in length-to-diameter ratio. Fin-stabilized projectiles are advantageous because they follow the trajectory very well at high-launch angles, and they can be designed with very low drag thereby increasing range and/or terminal velocity. However, fin-stabilized projectiles are disadvantageous because the extra length of the projectile must be accommodated and the payload volume is comparatively low in relation to the projectile length. For projectiles fired without spin or only with a small spin the stabilising influences mu st be created by aerodynamic forces. For the bomb to be stable, the center of pressure location is required to be behind the center of gravity location when measured from nose. 2.7 PRODAS Simulation software is very important in order to simulate data and to see the behaviour of the projectile. Utilisation of simulation software reduces the cost and the probability of failure for this study. In this study, simulation is the main method determining the projectile behaviour in term of ballistic theory generally, external ballistic theory specifically. PRODAS is produce by the Aero Tech, an Engineering Consulting business with a focus on the defence industry. This software is focuses in advance weapon design with the standard world integrated weapon design tool. Simulation tools provided by PRODAS are: i. Modelling Build a model from a drawing or even a picture. ii. Aerodynamics Compare aerodynamic coefficients from multiple aero estimators. iii. Launch Dynamics Interior ballistics, balloting and jump. iv. Trajectories Fly 4DOF, 6DOF and Body Fixed and Guided Trajectories. v. Terminal Effects Estimate penetration of KE projectiles and lethality of fragmenting or shaped charge warheads. 20

A History of Our Planet :: Creating Writing Essays

A History of Our Planet " Serina where are you?" "Serina?" "I’m here. I was hiding." "What from?" Oh, not much, just sitting and thinking really." So, do you want to come to the beach with us?" God I remember conversations like that. Simple and easy. All we needed was a nice day and a good tan. I look back at that and long for it. Well, sometimes I do. Most of the time I don’t have the energy to remember. If I do get enough time to start to think about that kind of thing I am much more likely to just fall asleep. I guess that is what happens with responsibility, you lose time to remember who you are and what makes you happy. I guess it sounds like I am complaining but I’m not. Not really. I am much happier now. I guess I should tell the whole story. If this is for history then it should be complete. In those early days we all lived in simple beauty and happiness. We were ignorant of things beyond our own pleasure. I would spend days sitting outside and talking to friends. I would make wonderful bags, and jewelry. I loved working with the bark of the trees near my house. It gave me a real connection to nature. Well, what I thought was nature. I had lots of friends we would go to the beach and swim in the surf. I can still almost taste the bitter vinegar taste the ocean had. We never had to cover up we went wearing what was comfortable, usually nothing at all. We had no need for modesty we were all the same. Not that we looked alike but there was no sexual difference. We were all women. This paradise was perfect and uninterrupted until the day that everything went dark. I was lying in my bed and all of a sudden everything was gone. I had no idea what had happened. I couldn’t see. I couldn’t talk. I couldn’t even move my fingers. My mind was racing and all I could do was lie there. For hours I lay there like this. Eventually I began to be able to move my hands and slowly the rest of my body came to life. What I discovered as I awoke was that I was bound and wrapped in a black rubbery sheet. A History of Our Planet :: Creating Writing Essays A History of Our Planet " Serina where are you?" "Serina?" "I’m here. I was hiding." "What from?" Oh, not much, just sitting and thinking really." So, do you want to come to the beach with us?" God I remember conversations like that. Simple and easy. All we needed was a nice day and a good tan. I look back at that and long for it. Well, sometimes I do. Most of the time I don’t have the energy to remember. If I do get enough time to start to think about that kind of thing I am much more likely to just fall asleep. I guess that is what happens with responsibility, you lose time to remember who you are and what makes you happy. I guess it sounds like I am complaining but I’m not. Not really. I am much happier now. I guess I should tell the whole story. If this is for history then it should be complete. In those early days we all lived in simple beauty and happiness. We were ignorant of things beyond our own pleasure. I would spend days sitting outside and talking to friends. I would make wonderful bags, and jewelry. I loved working with the bark of the trees near my house. It gave me a real connection to nature. Well, what I thought was nature. I had lots of friends we would go to the beach and swim in the surf. I can still almost taste the bitter vinegar taste the ocean had. We never had to cover up we went wearing what was comfortable, usually nothing at all. We had no need for modesty we were all the same. Not that we looked alike but there was no sexual difference. We were all women. This paradise was perfect and uninterrupted until the day that everything went dark. I was lying in my bed and all of a sudden everything was gone. I had no idea what had happened. I couldn’t see. I couldn’t talk. I couldn’t even move my fingers. My mind was racing and all I could do was lie there. For hours I lay there like this. Eventually I began to be able to move my hands and slowly the rest of my body came to life. What I discovered as I awoke was that I was bound and wrapped in a black rubbery sheet.